Introduction of Beyond Standard Model Physics

Beyond Standard Model (BSM) physics research seeks to extend and enhance the existing theoretical framework known as the Standard Model of particle physics. This field explores phenomena and principles not accounted for by the Standard Model, such as dark matter, dark energy, neutrino masses, and the unification of fundamental forces.

Supersymmetry (SUSY):

• Investigating the hypothetical symmetry between particles with integer spin (bosons) and half-integer spin (fermions), aiming to solve several outstanding issues in the Standard Model, including the hierarchy problem and potential candidates for dark matter.

String Theory and Extra Dimensions:

• Exploring the theoretical framework of string theory and the existence of extra spatial dimensions beyond the known three, seeking a unified description of all fundamental forces including gravity.

Grand Unified Theories (GUTs):

• Studying the potential unification of the strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces into a single unified force, probing into the fundamental structure of matter and interactions at high energies.

Neutrino Physics and Mass Hierarchy:

• Investigating the elusive properties of neutrinos, including their masses and mixing patterns, to understand their role in the universe and potentially provide insights into physics beyond the Standard Model.

Dark Matter and Dark Energy:

• Delving into the nature and properties of dark matter and dark energy, which constitute a significant portion of the universe’s composition, aiming to explain their gravitational effects and potential interactions with regular matter.