Fundamental Physics

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Introduction to Fundamental Physics Research

Fundamental physics encompasses the study of the fundamental principles and forces that govern the universe at its most fundamental level. It seeks to understand the fundamental particles, their interactions, and the fundamental laws of nature that shape the cosmos.

 

Particle Physics and Standard Model:
  • Investigate the subatomic particles and their interactions as described by the Standard Model, a fundamental theory that unifies electromagnetic, weak, and strong nuclear forces.
Quantum Field Theory:
  • Explore the theoretical framework that combines quantum mechanics with special relativity to describe the behavior of fundamental particles and fields.
Gravitational Physics and General Relativity:
  • Delve into Einstein’s theory of general relativity, which describes the gravitational force as the curvature of spacetime, and its implications for understanding the cosmos on large scales.
Cosmic Microwave Background and Early Universe:
  • Study the remnants of the Big Bang, the cosmic microwave background radiation, to unravel the early history and composition of the universe, offering insights into its formation and evolution.
Astroparticle Physics and Dark Matter/Energy
  • Investigate the mysterious components of the universe, dark matter and dark energy, exploring their properties and effects on the cosmos to deepen our understanding of the fundamental nature of the universe.

 

String Theory

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Introduction to String Theory Research

String theory is a theoretical framework in physics that aims to describe the fundamental forces and particles of the universe as one-dimensional “strings” rather than point-like particles.

 

String Types and Vibrational Modes:
  • Explore the various types of strings and their distinct vibrational patterns, crucial for understanding particle properties and interactions in string theory.
Extra Dimensions and Compactification:
  • Delve into the concept of additional spatial dimensions beyond the familiar three, how they are compactified, and their role in string theory’s mathematical framework.
Duality and Dualities:
  • Examine the concept of duality in string theory, where different string theories may be equivalent under certain transformations, shedding light on the interconnectedness of seemingly distinct theories.
Branes and their Dynamics:
  • Investigate the behavior and interactions of extended objects known as “branes” in string theory, essential for understanding higher-dimensional structures and cosmological implications.
String Theory and Cosmology:
  • Explore how string theory contributes to our understanding of the early universe, cosmic inflation, and potential explanations for dark matter and dark energy within a string-theoretic framework.

Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)

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Introduction to  Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD)

Quantum Chromodynamics (QCD) research is a fundamental pillar of theoretical and experimental physics, delving into the study of the strong nuclear force that binds quarks and gluons. Understanding the intricate dynamics of QCD is crucial in unraveling the behavior of subatomic particles and the structure of matter.

 

Quark-Gluon Plasma (QGP):
  • Investigating the state of matter, known as quark-gluon plasma, which existed moments after the Big Bang and is recreated in high-energy heavy-ion collisions, providing insights into the fundamental properties of QCD at extreme conditions.
Confinement and Asymptotic Freedom:
  • Exploring the two fundamental aspects of QCD: confinement, the phenomenon preventing quarks from existing in isolation, and asymptotic freedom, the property of the strong force weakening at high energies, essential for understanding QCD interactions.
Lattice QCD and Numerical Simulations:
  • Utilizing lattice QCD techniques and numerical simulations to solve QCD equations on a discrete grid, providing a powerful tool to investigate non-perturbative aspects of QCD and calculate hadron properties.
Parton Distribution Functions (PDFs):
  • Studying the distributions of quarks and gluons within a proton, quantified through parton distribution functions, which are essential for predicting cross-sections and interpreting high-energy collision experiments.
Jets and Hadronization:
  • Examining the process of hadronization, where quarks and gluons transform into color-neutral hadrons (jets), a phenomenon critical for understanding how quarks and gluons manifest as detectable particles in high-energy collisions.

Beyond Standard Model Physics

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Introduction of Beyond Standard Model Physics

Beyond Standard Model (BSM) physics research seeks to extend and enhance the existing theoretical framework known as the Standard Model of particle physics. This field explores phenomena and principles not accounted for by the Standard Model, such as dark matter, dark energy, neutrino masses, and the unification of fundamental forces.

 

Supersymmetry (SUSY):
  • Investigating the hypothetical symmetry between particles with integer spin (bosons) and half-integer spin (fermions), aiming to solve several outstanding issues in the Standard Model, including the hierarchy problem and potential candidates for dark matter.
String Theory and Extra Dimensions:
  • Exploring the theoretical framework of string theory and the existence of extra spatial dimensions beyond the known three, seeking a unified description of all fundamental forces including gravity.
Grand Unified Theories (GUTs):
  • Studying the potential unification of the strong, weak, and electromagnetic forces into a single unified force, probing into the fundamental structure of matter and interactions at high energies.
Neutrino Physics and Mass Hierarchy:
  • Investigating the elusive properties of neutrinos, including their masses and mixing patterns, to understand their role in the universe and potentially provide insights into physics beyond the Standard Model.
Dark Matter and Dark Energy:
  • Delving into the nature and properties of dark matter and dark energy, which constitute a significant portion of the universe’s composition, aiming to explain their gravitational effects and potential interactions with regular matter.